One more year, the announcement of Nobel Prize winners has generated expectation worldwide.These awards are delivered by the Alfred Nobel Foundation, created at the end of the 19th century by the Swedish philanthropist, and are considered the most prestigious in the world in the world of science (physical, chemistry and medicine), literature and peace initiatives.

The winners announced throughout the past week and the delivery ceremony will take place in Sweden on December 10, date of the death of Alfred Nobel.

This year's Nobel Prize in Medicine has recognized the work of Americans David Julius and Ardem Patapoutian, who have studied how the receptors of our body work to perceive touch and temperature changes.These receptors are those who translate physical sensations into electrical stimuli so that the brain detects them.

The Nobel Prize in Physics has been distributed between two projects.On the one hand, it recognizes the study of Italian Giorgio Parisi on complex systems and how they work, which allows certain rules and patterns of behavior in such complex systems as the climate, which are conditioned by multiple factors.On the other, the Japanese Syukuro Manabe and the German Klaus Hasselmann have been awarded for their contribution to the creation of climatic models;His work has allowed CO2 emissions to relate to global warming, for example.

The German scientist Benjamin List and the Scottish David Macmillan have received the Nobel of Chemistry for the discovery and development of asymmetric organocatalysis, a method that allows most easily reproducing asymmetric molecules, widely used in the pharmaceutical industry to create medications.

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The writer Abdulrazak Gurnah, originally from the island of Zanzíbar, has become the new Nobel Prize for Literature.Gurnah arrived in the United Kingdom as a refugee when he was 18 and in his work he talks about the effects of colonialism and how refugees should rebuild their life between different cultures and continents.

The last prize to be announced has been the Nobel Peace.The jury has valued the work of Ressa when denouncing the abuse of power in the Philippines and the trajectory of Muratov, which has been fighting the informative repression of the Putin regime for decades.

Controversy in the Nobel

Alfred Nobel became rich for being the inventor of dynamite and earned a lot of money with the weapons of war.Even so, Nobel considered himself a pacifist, so shortly before he died he allocated part of his fortune to create prizes that rewarded those discoveries that "benefited all humanity".

The origin of the Nobel is not the only controversy that surrounds these awards, which have also been highly criticized for gender discrimination in both nominations and winners.Of the 962 awards presented until 2020, only 57 were for women: this represents less than 6% of the awards.

Another awards that generates more controversy is the Nobel Peace.According to Alfred Nobel himself, the prize should be for "a person who has done a great job in favor of fraternity between countries, the abolition or reduction of armies and to promote peace negotiations".

Sometimes it has been considered that the award -winning person did not deserve it, as is the case of Barack Obama, who received the prize in 2009 when he was still the president of the United States.Pacifist organizations criticized that, far from promoting peace, Obama had ordered to send more troops to Afghanistan during his mandate.

Another of the most controversial cases was that of Burman.At that time I was in house arrest because, despite winning the elections legally, a military board had carried out a coup d'etat.Suu Kyi spent 15 years without being able to leave his home and became a symbol of democracy.

Years later, already free, Suu Kyi won the elections again and became Burma's Prime Minister in 2015.However, in 2017 the Burmese government initiated a persecution campaign against Ethnicity Rohingya and Suu Kyi has been highly criticized for its passivity to this crisis.Since February, the Burmese leader is again imprisoned by the Military Board.

120 years of Nobel Awards

Swedish businessman Alfred Nobel (1833-1896), an engineer and chemist, was also the inventor of gunpowder.This discovery made him immensely rich and, shortly before he died, he decided to allocate part of his fortune to create prizes that recognized the work of people whose discoveries have benefited all humanity.Thus, in 1895 the Nobel Foundation was created and in 1901 the first installment of the Nobel Awards was held, which already included the five current categories: Chemistry, Physics, Medicine, Literature and Peace.Since then, 603 Nobel Awards have been awarded to a total of 962 people, because the same prize can recognize the work of several people.The prize consists of a diploma, a medal and an economic prize, but of these awards the prestige they grant is also valued.Among the most popular personalities who have received these awards are Albert Einstein (Nobel of Physics, 1921), Martin Luther King (Nobel of Peace, 1964) Rudyard Kipling (Nobel Prize for Literature, 1907) or Marie Curie, who received two awards,that of Physics (1903) and that of Chemistry (1911).The smaller award -winning person is today Malala Yousafzai, who in 2014 received the Nobel Peace Prize when she was only 17 years old.On the opposite side, in 2019 John B.Goodenough was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry at the age of 97.Only two personalities decided to decline the prize: the French writer Jean-Paul Sartre and the politician Vietnamese.On the other hand, in the history of the awards, several award -winning people have been forced to resign them, forced by the government of their country, or were deprived of liberty when they received it.